This chapter is devoted to the cultures of Xinjiang where the current dominant people are represented by the Uyghurs. The name Xinjiang means "new frontiers" and was adopted by Qing Manchuria. But history has made this region a mixture of peoples and cultures. During prehistoric times, cultural influence came from the northwest and moved east until the 3rd century AD when Buddhism appeared in the region. The Scythian empire gives way to the Kouchan empire which left many pictorial traces especially in the caves of Kizil and marks the beginning of the Silk Roads. Then in the 7th century, it is the Tang culture which dominates the region but for a short time, because in the 8th century the Tibetan Empire controls the region before the Tang with the help of the Uyghurs regain control. From 840, the Uyghurs were pushed back to the south by the Kyrgyz, they will remain there to this day.
The Uyghur people are therefore an ancient Turkish people who greatly influenced Asian civilizations. The Uyghurs were the first sedentary among the Turkic peoples. Influenced by Manichaeism and then by Buddhism, whose heyday extends from the 9th to the 10th centuries, and was a highlight in the history of the region in artistic and literary terms. Subsequently, the Uyghur Islamic era gave birth to famous works of the 11th century such as the "Compendium of Turkish languages" by the philosopher and lexicographer Mahmoud Al-Kachgari and "The Science which brings happiness" by the philosopher Yusuf Balasagun, prides literary works from all over the Turkish world. The place of Uyghur civilization is as important there as the Greco-Roman civilization for the Western world.

Nepalese culture embraces diverse cultures belonging to more than 120 distinct ethnic groups present in Nepal. The culture of Nepal is expressed through the arts: music, painting, wood and stone sculpture and dance. This is why craftsmanship is important. The Nepalese speak different languages and dialects. The isolation of the valleys and villages has saved multitudes of dialects and thus a great cultural richness. But the Nepalese get up every morning with religion. The important mixture of religions is main facet of culture through its festivals, celebrations and folklore. Finally, we will not forget the drinks and the Nepalese cuisine, which has an important role in the festivities.

The discovery of the Mohenjo-Daro site is proof that the Indus civilizations were the basis of Indo-European cultures. Then influenced over time by different peoples and empires: Aryans, Persians, Ghaznavids, Seldjouks, Arabs, Rajputs, Mughals, etc.

We can also now differentiate the different cultures by the different geographical regions: Kashmir, the Hunza valley and Gilgit-Baltistan, the Chitral valley to the north, Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwas, Sind and Punjab with its capital Lahore, center of Indus culture.

The culture of Afghanistan has persisted for over three millennia, dating back at least to the time of the Achaemenid Empire in 550 BCE. It is mainly a tribal society with different regions of the country having their own subculture. Almost all Afghans follow Islamic traditions, celebrate the same holidays, dress the same, eat the same food, listen to the same music, and are multilingual to some extent. Persian culture and architecture is still present. Some Zoroastrian festivals are still celebrated like the New Year "Navruz".

The Tajiks are heavily concentrated in the northeast, but also form large communities elsewhere, such as in western Afghanistan. The Hazaras tend to be mainly concentrated in the central region, while the Uzbeks are mainly in the north. In the southern and eastern region, Pashtuns live in accordance with Pashtun culture and are generally bilingual in Pashto and Dari.

Afghanistan has been the main crossroads of Central Asia, South Asia and the Middle East, which has greatly influenced its culture.

Mongolia is well known for its nomadic traditions. The nomadic lifestyle is still practiced today in rural areas of the country. The nomads follow a seasonal routine of breeding and rearing the five main types of livestock: goat, sheep, yaks, camel and horse, migrating from one place to another following the most favorable pastures and campsites.

The traditional Mongolian dance is the biyelgee, especially for the peoples of western Mongolia. It is performed on the music of Mongolian national musical instruments, such as the morin khuur (horse-headed violin) and the yochin.

Kazakh culture is largely influenced by the Turkish nomadic lifestyle. Islam was introduced in Kazakhstan between the 7th and 12th centuries. Apart from the sheep, many other traditional foods retain symbolic value in Kazakh culture. Kazakh culture is largely influenced by the Turkish nomadic lifestyle and livestock is central to the lifestyle of the Kazakhs. Their habitat is the yurt.

The Kyrgyz culture has been greatly influenced by the nomadic heritage. It is reflected in the way a household was run, in customs, and rites. People decorated their homes with items that were both beautiful and practical. The masterpiece of folk creation is the Kyrgyz yurta (yourt, yurt, tent), which was easy to assemble and transport from place to place.

Uzbek culture is very rich, not only by museums towns, but also by the mix of people for thousands of years.

The visitor  is perplexed after visits of Khiva, Samarkand and Bukhara. These museums-cities have been remarkably restored.

The tajik culture is rich thank to its rich historical past. The culture can be devided into different geographical areas. In one side, the old cities of the lowland, like Khujand, Kulob, Panjakent, Qurghonteppa, Khorugh and Istaravshan, but also Samarkand and Boukhara situated actually in Uzbekistan. On the other side, we can talk about the culture of the Pamir, divided between Pamiris and Kyrgyz people, and Yaghnobi people living in the Northern area of Tajikistan.

As early as 874-1005 AD the Tajik civilization has reached its Golden Age in the reign of the Samanids. During this period, the territory has been the cradle of natural and social sciences development in the Central Asia.

Upholding to the rich culture of the past are the archaeological artifacts which have proven the artistry of ancient Tajiks. Art forms such as paintings, sculptures, and other structures which are believed to have originated in the 7th and 8th centuries were found in the ancient city of Penjikent. Other artifacts readily accessible are old mosques along with their grandiose wall paintings that depict ancestral architecture. It is also believed that many contemporary instruments have their origins in the Pamir, such as string instruments.

Mongolian cuisine is quite simple cuisine, mainly limited by the arid regions of the Mongolian Plateau, whether the steppe, which covers most of these regions, the Gobi Desert, the Khangai. Most of the food comes from animals, whether for their meat, fat or dairy products they produce. Millet is the main Mongolian cereal, but barley and wheat are also used. Fruits and vegetables are almost absent from the kitchen.